Ta có: \(\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{MC}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}=3\left(\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{MB}+3\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Rightarrow-\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BM}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\). Mà \(\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{BM}=\dfrac{2}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\)

Theo quy tắc 3 điểm, ta có

\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\) hay \(\overrightarrow{AM}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{u}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{v}\)

Trước hết ta có

= 3 => = 3 ( +)

=> = 3 + 3

=> - = 3

=> =

mà = - nên = (- )

Theo quy tắc 3 điểm, ta có

= + => = + -

=> = - + hay = - +

a)

\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)

\(=\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(=\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(=\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{BC}-\overrightarrow{BA}\right)\)

\(=\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}-\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}\)

\(=\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\)

b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow{BK}=\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}=\frac{4}{3}\left(\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BA}+\frac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{BC}\right)=\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow{BI}\)

=> B,K,I thẳng hàng

c) \(27\overrightarrow{MA}-8\overrightarrow{MB}=2015\overrightarrow{MC}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow27\left(\overrightarrow{MC}+\overrightarrow{CA}\right)-8\left(\overrightarrow{MC}+\overrightarrow{CB}\right)=2015\overrightarrow{MC}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow27\overrightarrow{MC}+27\overrightarrow{CA}-8\overrightarrow{MC}-8\overrightarrow{CB}-2015\overrightarrow{MC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-1996\overrightarrow{MC}+27\overrightarrow{CA}-8\overrightarrow{CB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow1996\overrightarrow{CM}=8\overrightarrow{CB}-27\overrightarrow{CA}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{CM}=\frac{8\overrightarrow{CB}-27\overrightarrow{CA}}{1996}\)

Vậy: Dựng điểm M sao cho \(\overrightarrow{CM}=\frac{8\overrightarrow{CB}-27\overrightarrow{CA}}{1996}\)

hình ảnh

Lời giải:

Theo đề ta có: $\overrightarrow{BM}=2\overrightarrow{MC}=-2\overrightarrow{CM}$

$\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}(1)$

$=\overrightarrow{AB}-2\overrightarrow{CM}$

$\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CM}$

$\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AM}=2\overrightarrow{AC}+2\overrightarrow{CM}(2)$

Lấy $(1)+(2)\Rightarrow 3\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+2\overrightarrow{AC}$

$\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AM}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}$

Hình vẽ:

d, Lấy P, Q sao cho \(4\overrightarrow{PA}-\overrightarrow{PB}+\overrightarrow{PC}=\overrightarrow{0};2\overrightarrow{QA}-\overrightarrow{QB}-\overrightarrow{QC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

Ta có \(\left|4\overrightarrow{MA}-\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\left|4\text{ }\overrightarrow{MP}+4\overrightarrow{PA}-\overrightarrow{PB}+\overrightarrow{PC}\right|=\left|4\overrightarrow{MP}\right|=4MP\)

\(\left|2\overrightarrow{MA}-\overrightarrow{MB}-\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\text{ }\left|2\overrightarrow{QA}-\overrightarrow{QB}-\overrightarrow{QC}\right|=0\)

\(\Rightarrow4MP=0\Rightarrow M\equiv P\)

Gọi G là trọng tâm tam giác, I là trung điểm BC, N là trung điểm của AC

a, Ta có \(\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\left|3\overrightarrow{MG}\right|=3MG\)

\(\frac{3}{2}\left|\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\frac{3}{2}\left|2\overrightarrow{MI}\right|=3MI\)

\(\Rightarrow MG=MI\Rightarrow M\) thuộc đường trung trực của BC

b, \(\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\left|2\overrightarrow{MN}\right|=2MN\)

\(\left|\overrightarrow{MA}-\overrightarrow{MB}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{BA}\right|=BA\)

\(\Rightarrow2MN=BA\Rightarrow M\in\left(N;\frac{BA}{2}\right)\)

c, Lấy điểm E thỏa mãn \(2\overrightarrow{EA}+\overrightarrow{EB}=\overrightarrow{0}\), F thỏa mãn \(4\overrightarrow{FB}-\overrightarrow{FC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

Ta có \(\left|2\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MB}\right|=\left|2\overrightarrow{ME}+2\overrightarrow{EA}+\overrightarrow{ME}+\overrightarrow{EB}\right|=\left|3\overrightarrow{ME}\right|=3ME\)

\(\left|4\overrightarrow{MB}-\overrightarrow{MC}\right|=\left|4\overrightarrow{MF}+4\overrightarrow{FB}-\overrightarrow{MF}-\overrightarrow{FC}\right|=\left|3\overrightarrow{MF}\right|=3MF\)

\(\Rightarrow ME=MF\Rightarrow M\) thuộc đường trung trực EF

\(\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{CM}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right|\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{CB}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right|\)

\(\Leftrightarrow MA^2+BC^2+2\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=MA^2+BC^2+2\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BC}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BC}=0\Leftrightarrow AM\perp BC\)

Tập hợp M là đường thẳng qua A vuông góc BC

Tham khảo:

a)  M thuộc cạnh BC nên vectơ \(\overrightarrow {MB} \) và \(\overrightarrow {MC} \) ngược hướng với nhau.

Lại có: MB = 3 MC \( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {MB}  =  - 3.\overrightarrow {MC} \)

b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AM}  = \overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BM} \)

Mà \(BM = \dfrac{3}{4}BC\) nên \(\overrightarrow {BM}  = \dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow {BC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AM}  = \overrightarrow {AB}  + \dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow {BC} \)

Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AB} \) (quy tắc hiệu)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AM}  = \overrightarrow {AB}  + \dfrac{3}{4}\left( {\overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AB} } \right) = \dfrac{1}{4}.\overrightarrow {AB}  + \dfrac{3}{4}.\overrightarrow {AC} \)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AM}  = \dfrac{1}{4}.\overrightarrow {AB}  + \dfrac{3}{4}.\overrightarrow {AC} \)